Репозиторий Университета

© Nikolay N. Krylov, Aftandil V. Alekberzade, Elena A. Piatenko. The eponym is a part of the nomenclature of medicine. In 1848, R. Virchow described the enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node (Virchow's node), which he uncovered by physical examination. He believed that such lymphadenopathy occurs in cases of stomach cancer (less often – with lung cancer), when the metastatic process spreads up the thoracic duct to the left supraclavicular fossa. He described the pathogenesis of this trait and proved its malignant nature. Russian authors, apparently, borrowed this eponym from German textbooks on medicine. In 1886, Troisier added to Virchow’s insights and presented a detailed substantiation for the increase in the size of the left supraclavicular lymph node. Troisier described its typical location above the middle third of the clavicle behind the clavicular portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. He considered this enlargement as a direct sign of the existence of a neoplasm in the abdominal cavity or in the pelvic cavity, breast cancer, tuberculosis, and syphilis. In his opinion, identifying a diseased lymph node by physical examination does not indicate the exact location of the primary focus of the tumor, but will direct the diagnostic search in the right direction. Palpable lymph nodes in the supraclavicular fossa (Troisier-Virchow), as a rule, indicate a malignant nature. If the lymph node enlargement is due to tumor emboli in cases of stomach cancer, it should be referred to as Virchow’s metastasis. Troisier’s symptom can be detected due to the metastasizing of cancer of other abdominal organs and the small pelvis, lung, breast, esophagus and tuberculosis lesions.

© 2018 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved. This article is published on the occasion of the 2nd All-Russian forensic medicine student Olympiad. The Olympiad has been held during three years in succession and attracts attention of the students from different Universities of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet republics. The Olympiad is considered to be a highly efficient form of the intellectual leisure activities of the students; moreover, it facilitates formation of motivation for the self-education and the acquisition of the professional skills and competences envisaged by the state standards for higher education that have not yet been incorporated into the program of modern medical education adopted in the Russian Federation.

© Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved. The professional standard is the basis of education and training. It should meet modern requirements to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the country's population, the labor market. The current professional standard does not fully take into account the various types of economic activity in which young professionals of the medical and preventive profile will work. The main task of a specialist in the medical and prophylactic profile is to carry out activities aimed ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population (informing the control subject concerning mandatory sanitary and epidemiological requirements, implementation, assessing the effectiveness and effectiveness of their implementation, implementing production control, expert control, sanitary-epidemiological audit). The main employers for these young professionals are organizations of the sanitary and epidemiological services; hospitals, sanatorium, spa and resort organizations; organization of disinfection and deratization, organizations of industrial equipment, testing and analysis of the composition and purity of materials and substances; testing and analysis in the field of food hygiene; testing and analysis of physical and mechanical properties of materials and substances; examination of design documentation and engineering survey results; monitoring of environmental pollution. The professional standard of the young professionals in the hygiene profile has a particular set of qualities, skills, and behaviors that ensure the success of the career. There is a set of standards for education and training of professionals in the hygiene profile. There are sanitary and epidemiological diagnostic - activities to establish compliance (inconsistency) with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of public health. Also, there is the support of the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population, technical regulation, labor protection, various activities concerning and preventive measures; organization of monitoring and sanitary-epidemiological assessment of the risk of environmental factors affecting health. The education and training of students of medical-prophylactic faculties should be carried out taking into account modern approaches to the professional standard for the specialist of the hygienic profile and the educational standard developed on the basis of it.