Репозиторий Университета

Аннотация Повышение успеваемости студентов медицинских вузов - одна из важнейших задач современных систем образования и здравоохранения как фактор, способствующий высокому качеству квалификации будущих врачей. Повышенный уровень тревоги и депрессии отрицательно коррелирует с уровнем успеваемости учащихся. Такой метод физиотерапии, как мезодиэнцефальная модуляция, оказывает стабилизирующее влияние на психоэмоциональное состояние человека. Статья содержит анализ эмоционального состояния студентов стоматологического факультета, определяет уровень тревожности и депрессии, а также отмечает их корреляционную взаимосвязь с уровнем успеваемости в учебе.

Purpose

The modification hot curing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denturebase “Villacryl H Plus” in RF-discharge plasma is described.

Methods

The PMMA was modified in the non-temperature low-pressure oxygen RF-discharge (13.56 MHz).

Mucosa, which lines oral cavity, is adapted to constant contact with irritating factors. It is resistant to action of mechanical, physical, and chemical irritants and to contact with rich flora of oral cavity. However, 3–5% of population have various diseases of oral mucosa (OM). Pathology of OM can develop in response to the action of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, and various traumatic factors; it can be a result of pathology of viscera and systems of a person. The article describes four clinical cases of the use of bioresorbable plates on the basis of collagen and digestase “Farmadont” for the treatment of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, traumatic stomatitis, and gingivostomatitis which is caused by herpesvirus (herpes simplex).

At present, there is an increase in the oncological pathology of the maxillofacial region from 1.5% to 2% to 3% to 3.5%.1-3 Osteosarcoma is one of diseases of this group.4,5 The incidence of incapacitation in patients with osteosarcoma raises concerns of the medical community.6,7 It is caused by a wide range of factors. In the maxillofacial practice, they include: a series of complex reconstructive operations, a long postoperative period, complications and side effects of surgical interventions, mainly in the form of a long-lasting pain syndrome, deformity of the facial skull, leading to functional disorders and aesthetic defects, and emotional disorders. This makes follow-up of such patients difficult and can significantly worsen patients' social functionality and quality of life. 8-11 Therefore, modern medical developments in dental oncology are aimed at modifying surgical tactics, achieving a reduction in the rehabilitation period, improving rehabilitation indicators, preventing patients' incapacitation, and improving their quality of life and social functioning...

The development of scientific approaches to assessing and diagnosing the financial risks of oil industry in the Russian Federation becomes a high priority task in conditions of high level of volatility in oil prices in the world energy market and preservation of sanctions regime. The article shows the main threats to financial stability of oil companies in Russia. Using cluster analysis, a system of indicators is proposed that determines the level of financial risk of oil companies in Russia. Based on the method of expert assessments and fuzzy sets, the classification of financial risk levels of oil industry is proposed. The integrated financial risk level of oil industry was calculated and scenarios of its development for 2018–2020 were forecast by means of regression modeling. The system of measures to improve the stability of oil companies and prevent functional financial risks is argued. The practical implementation of research results will be the basis for timely diagnosis of financial risks and qualitative development of preventive measures to neutralize them in the oil industry of Russia.

The pace of business and technological progress becomes faster nowadays. This happens on the background of increased competition. Because of these trends, enterprises and organizations increasingly rely on project management methods and processes to achieve commercial goals. As a result, higher education organizations offer curricula and programs aimed at improving the education. The purpose of this research is to determine the relevance of knowledge of modern methodologies in the labor market and to analyze the organization-related features of the process of learning innovative project management methods in the leading universities of Kazan and Elabuga cities, Russian Federation. The study used statistical analysis, a survey and testing. The survey involved 630 students from 8 universities of Kazan and Elabuga. The employers that took part in the survey were found to be interested in those employees, who knew the Agile methodology (28%). The “Project Management” course program gives a general idea of the modern technology of project management and offers insights into the general principles of using knowledge and skills to solve problems at work. The efficiency analysis of education, carried out to evaluate the teaching of modern methodologies, showed that more than 60% of students were aware of the importance of learning project management methods for successful employment. The correlation analysis showed (Pearson coefficient r=0.67) that students understood which innovative project management methods are in demand in the labor market. The survey, however, revealed that only 30% of respondents had a sufficient level of knowledge. This reflects the need to teach modern methodologies, such as PRINCE2, Scrum, and Agile, as separate disciplines in higher education establishments. These steps can significantly affect the quality of teaching and learning modern project management methodologies. If so, universities will strengthen their position in the educational services market by rapidly adapting to changes in the external environment. This will lead to the production of more competitive graduates.

Distance learning is becoming more and more popular with students of the Russian Federation. However, since this form of education is relatively new for our country, its organization has some drawbacks that need correction in order to increase the effectiveness of such education. The purpose of this research is to determine whether students of distance learning are confident in the effectiveness of their education, as well as in their competitiveness with full-time students and readiness for entrepreneurship. It is necessary to find out directly from entrepreneurs whether graduates will be able to compete in the labor market. Two groups of respondents were surveyed: 426 students of public and private universities of Kazan and 35 local entrepreneurs. The survey was conducted in order to determine the prospects of distance learning from all possible aspects: both from the future applicant and from the potential employer. The results showed students' positive attitude towards distance learning. It was confirmed by students' confidence in their successful employment and readiness to compete in the market. However, half of the respondents were not ready for their own business activities. The reason for this may be the lack of adequate educational materials, lack of easy access to university libraries and lack of practice during the educational process. Moreover, the favorable attitude of entrepreneurs towards students of this form of education was revealed, since they find skills and experience more important than the specifics of the educational form. However, most entrepreneurs are not ready to do business with graduates of

The benign and malignant neoplasms in parotid gland have similar clinical presentations despite different tumor growth rates. The study compared the clinical and morphological data as well as the results of ELISA for MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in salivary fluid yielded during primary examination of the patients with pleomorphic adenoma and adenocarcinoma of parotid gland. The examined biomarkers detected in salivary fluid in patients with various cancer types differed significantly (p≤0.05). The correlations between clinical identification of adenoma or adenocarcinoma, on the one hand, and the levels of MMP-8, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, on the other hand, makes it possible to use the latter as biomarkers for early detection and comprehensive noninvasive differential diagnostics of these neoplasms.

The use of the outdated methods and technologies that do not meet the requirements to a modern specialist in the labor market is one of the most urgent problems of modern education. The purpose of the research is to describe the current condition of the Russian entrepreneurship education in terms of the use of innovative technologies. Besides, the research is aimed at identifying the deficiencies of their implementation process that can lead to the students’ dissatisfaction with learning process and to the lack of their readiness for professional activity. The authors surveyed 210 four-year students of the following universities: Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University and Mari State University (The Russian Federation). The purpose of the research is to evaluate to effectiveness of the innovative methods that have been introduced into education program of four-year students, to identify their deficiencies that can somehow influence the students’ readiness for professional (in our case, entrepreneurial) activity. The students demonstrated general dissatisfaction with the influence of innovative technologies in universities upon education quality. They mentioned a lack of innovative methods that have been applied in practice, the insufficient technical facilities of the classrooms. Besides, it has been identified that the change in the requirements to education on the part of economic sector of labor market led to the students’ dissatisfaction with their professional skills. The result of the research can influence the innovative transformations in education in the following specialties: “Enterprise and Organization Economics”, “Entrepreneurship”, “Economics. International business”. As a result of the research, the recommendations have been formulated that can be realized by virtue of the joint work of local authorities, administration of universities and teaching staff. It is recommended to modernize the technical facilities of universities (computer classrooms, the use interactive boards). Besides, introduction of innovative methods is very important, because they will significantly increase the students’ readiness for practical activity. Such methods include case-technologies, “round tables”, seminars in a form of debates. The list of the subjects at each faculty needs certain revision. More innovative disciplines must be introduced that directly relate to the students’ professional activity with the emphasis upon practice. © 2019, Allied Business Academies. All rights reserved.

Entrepreneurship higher education is aimed both at providing the students with knowledge bases and stimulating their entrepreneurial thinking. There is a need to rather develop the students’ general cognitions than their personal qualities. This is what forms the specialists who are ready for professional activity. In order to develop the education programs that fit actual economic requirements, the feedback needs to be obtained that includes the students’ self-evaluation of their entrepreneurial thinking level basing on the results of higher learning. The participants of the research were 513 fourth-year students in “Economy” and “Management” specialties from 5 universities of Kazan, Cheboksary, Ioshkar-Ola and Elabuga. The reasons for this choice include the following: high level of readiness for labor market; interest to practical tasks; attendance/desire to attend special courses. Through the preliminary questioning, the focus-groups were divided into two main categories: the students that already have practical experience and those ones that do not have the experience of professional activity. The participants were asked to fill in the questionnaires. The survey was carried out in a written form. The main purpose of the questionnaire was to compare the formation level of the qualities that were needed for entrepreneurial thinking among the students with/without practical experience. The working students are critical in relation to educational program and environment of their university as a formative factor of entrepreneurial thinking. More than 50% of the participants who work in their specialty believe that the new subjects need to be introduced into curriculum, 32% out of them combine learning with work and additional courses (trainings, seminars, etc.). Only 23% of the non-working students make similar decision, 54% view their knowledge and skills as sufficient, whereas 23% of the working students view their entrepreneurial thinking level as insufficient for a successful start. In the participants’ opinion, education programs that are used in universities where the research was carried out do not meet the students’ needs in the formation of entrepreneurial thinking. This point is the necessity to create and introduce a course that would serve as a coaching for the future entrepreneurs. The results of the research can be used by universities that train the specialists in “Economy” and “Management” specialties in order to develop the programs of the students’ entrepreneurial thinking formation. © 2019, Allied Business Academies. All rights reserved.

Nowadays, education faces the problems that do not favor its further development. Modern conditions of educational system reformation lead to the growth of requirements to the level of specialists’ professional training. The main purpose of the research is to increase the quality and speed of learning through all the means that become available by virtue of digital environment. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted that involved 400 students. The participants of the experimental group were to distribute and fulfil project tasks. As a form of the students’ practical training, the work with startups has a range of specific features and advantages. First of all, it implies students’ involvement into a real project the results of which will depend on the quality of their training, their motivation, willingness to immerse into the field that is researched as deeply as possible, as well as on their interest to the subject of a project. The result of the project was an extensive work that included drafting a business plan. 60% of students used online startups as an assistance for planning the work, whereas 40% made it by themselves. It was discovered that 50% of students developed interesting business plans and widely described the ways of their usage, whereas 9% of students prepared the reports on the basis of their work and spoke at scientific-practical conferences. Besides, an experiment was carried out among the teachers. In order to check their non-standard ideas, 92 CVs of the workers who founded innovative startups, mainly in IT field, were gathered. In order to form a representative sample, we randomly selected entrepreneurs from the short-lists that were based on the search requests in Professionali.ru Web. The research showed that during training in the field of business management, a future founder can acquire enough skills in a form of explicit knowledge in a certain field. However, he will have to increase its level in order to transform his startup into a business project.

This article presents a dataset for calculating the index of inclusive growth in the regions of the Russian Federation, estimated on key and institutional foundations of the performance of inclusive development. The authors of the research used the methodology of the World Economic Bank and the World Economic Forum, based on a comparative analysis of key and institutional indicators of the performance of territorial entities, which they adapted to the socio-economic features of the regional division of Russia. For the purpose of formation of a dataset was executed assessment of the inclusive growth index for 26 regions of the Russian Federation, it allowed to define the strengths and weaknesses of the inclusive development of each region of the Russian Federation. The dataset can be useful in the formation of strategic programs of inclusive development.

The present communication aims at determining an optimum method of manufacture of orthopaedic arch titanium alloy dentures that would not cause galvano-sis in patients using such dentures. A clinical random-ized controlled retrospective study was conducted. Sixty patients who used arch titanium alloy dentures were examined. Three measurements of electrochemi-cal potentials in various areas of the oral cavity were done in all patients, using a biopotentiometer. Linear prediction of differences in potentials in measurement areas 1–3 for the control group (CG) of patients exhibited minor growth dynamics, which can be indicative of the risk of galvanosis in CG patients in the future.

Using Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) theory for BiFeO3 dense fine-grained ceramics with quasispherical grains and nanosized intergrain spaces enriched by elastic defects, we calculated a surprisingly strong size-induced increase in the antiferromagnetic transition temperature caused by the joint action of rotomagnetic and magnetostrictive coupling. Notably, all parameters included in the LGD functional have been extracted from experiments, not assumed. Complementarily, we performed experiments for dense BiFeO3 ceramics, which revealed that the shift of the antiferromagnetic transition is to TN∼690K instead of TN∼645K for a single crystal. To explain the result theoretically, we consider the possibility of controlling the antiferromagnetic state of multiferroic BiFeO3 via biquadratic antiferrodistortive rotomagnetic, rotoelectric, magnetoelectric, and magnetostrictive couplings. According to our calculations, the highest contribution is the rotostriction contribution, while the magnetostrictive and electrostriction contributions appear smaller.

Using Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) theory for BiFeO3 dense fine-grained ceramics with quasispherical grains and nanosized intergrain spaces enriched by elastic defects, we calculated a surprisingly strong size-induced increase in the antiferromagnetic transition temperature caused by the joint action of rotomagnetic and magnetostrictive coupling. Notably, all parameters included in the LGD functional have been extracted from experiments, not assumed. Complementarily, we performed experiments for dense BiFeO3 ceramics, which revealed that the shift of the antiferromagnetic transition is to TN∼690K instead of TN∼645K for a single crystal. To explain the result theoretically, we consider the possibility of controlling the antiferromagnetic state of multiferroic BiFeO3 via biquadratic antiferrodistortive rotomagnetic, rotoelectric, magnetoelectric, and magnetostrictive couplings. According to our calculations, the highest contribution is the rotostriction contribution, while the magnetostrictive and electrostriction contributions appear smaller.

Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel str 3, Moscow, 143025, Russia.

The integration of energy harvesting and energy storage in a single device both enables the conversion of ambient energy into electricity and provides a sustainable power source for various electronic devices and systems. On the other hand, mechanical flexibility, coupled with optical transparency of the energy storage devices, is required for many applications, ranging from self-powered rolled-up displays to wearable optoelectronic devices. We integrate a piezoelectric poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) film into a flexible supercapacitor system to harvest and store the energy. The asymmetric output characteristics of the piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) film under mechanical impacts results in effective charging of the supercapacitors. The integrated piezo-supercapacitor exhibits a specific capacitance of 50 F g. The open-circuit voltage of the flexible and transparent supercapacitor reached 500 mV within 20 s during the mechanical action. Our hybridized energy harvesting and storage device can be further extended to provide a sustainable power source for various types of sensors integrated into wearable units.

Abstract

Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for five-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older.

Methods

Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health.

Findings

Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5–3.0) of age-standardized female deaths and 6.8% (5.8–8.0) of age-standardized male deaths. Among the population aged 15–49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2–4.3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8–13.6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15–49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0–2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8–9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1.0–1.7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7–1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6–1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2–33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3–22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimized harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0–0.8) standard drinks per week.

Interpretation

Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimizes health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.

Abstract

Over the past few decades, social and economic changes have had substantial effects on health and well-being in Russia. We aimed to use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to evaluate trends in mortality, causes of death, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and associated risk factors in Russia from 1980 to 2016.

Methods

We estimated all-cause mortality by use of a multistage modeling process that synthesized data from vital registration systems, surveys, and censuses. A composite measure of health loss due to both fatal and non-fatal disease burden (DALYs) was calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs for each age, sex, year, and location. Health progress was evaluated in comparison with patterns of change in similar countries by use of the Socio-demographic Index that was developed for GBD 2016.

Findings

Following rapid decreases in life expectancy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, life expectancy at birth in Russia improved between 2006 and 2016. The all-cause mortality rate decreased by 16.6% (95% uncertainty interval 9.4–33.8) between 1980 and 2016. This overall decrease encompasses the cycles of sharp increases and plateaus in mortality that occurred before 2005. Child mortality decreased by 57.5% (53.5–61.1) between 2000 and 2016. However, compared with countries at similar Socio-demographic Index levels, rates of mortality and disability in Russia remain high and life expectancy is low. Russian men have a disproportionate burden of disease relative to women. In 2016, 59.2% (55.3–62.6) of mortality in men aged 15–49 years and 46.8% (44.5–49.5) of mortality in women were attributable to behavioral risk factors, including alcohol use, drug use, and smoking.

Interpretation

Trends in mortality in Russia from 1980 to 2016 might be related to complicated patterns of behavioral risk factors associated with economic and social change, to shifts in disease burden, and to changes in the capacity of and access to health care. Ongoing mortality and disability from causes and risks amenable to health care interventions and behavior modifications present opportunities to continue to improve the well-being of Russian citizens.

Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an aging global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world’s population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.

Methods 

We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3,484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68,781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting.

Findings 

Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardized prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardized prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardized YLD rates decreased by 3.9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3.1–4.6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7.2% (6.0–8.4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421–723) to 853 million (642–1,100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7.9% (6.6–9.2) for males and 6.5% (5.4–7.7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardized prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3,018 cases [95% UI 2,782–3,252] per 100,000 in males versus 1,400 [1,279–1,524] per 100,000 in females), transport injuries (3,322 [3,082–3,583] versus 2,336 [2,154–2,535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3,265 [2,943–3,630] versus 5,643 [5,057–6,302]).

Interpretation 

Global all-cause age-standardized YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasizes how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury.

Abstract

Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation’s progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017.

Methods

The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modeling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardized.

Findings

At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5–74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18.6% (17.9–19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7–8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5–23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7.20–8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.0–8.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22.2% (20.0–24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1–33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0.5–4.0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2–15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9–59.2) per 100,000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284,000 deaths (268,000–289,000) globally in 2007 to 352,000 (334,000–363,000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8–148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2–40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2–36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases.

Interpretation

Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade.