Репозиторий Университета

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Background: Grammar includes not only the ability to use verbs but also the ability to express and understand the relationships existing among the words in a sentence. Since the initial description of agrammatism (Kussmaul, 1877) it was proposed that there are two different types of agrammatism: Aktaphasie and Agrammatismus. The first one has been extensively studied, while the second one has been mostly overlooked. Aims: To analyze the brain areas involved in understanding the relationships existing among the words in a sentence. Its disturbances would correspond to the second type of agrammatism. Outcomes & results: Prepositions, adverbs, and grammatical cases are used to indicate the relationships among sentence words. This is a quasi-spatial ability supported by the left posterior parietal lobe. Almost one century ago a type of aphasia referred to as “semantic aphasia”, associated with left posterior parietal damage and characterized by the inability to use and understand the relationships among the language words, was described. Excepting a few papers, this type of aphasia has been usually ignored in the contemporary neuroscience literature. From the historical perspective, it has been proposed that grammar evolved in two steps: (1) proto-grammar, consisting of flat verb-noun compounds, and (2) hierarchical syntax or complex grammar. The first one is associated with the ability to use and understand verbs. The second one can be related to the ability to use verbally mediate spatial concepts. Some recently published cases of semantic aphasia corroborate its clinical manifestations and the locus of pathology. Functional studies support the participation of the left posterior parietal lobe in grammar. Conclusions: It is concluded that evidence suggests that semantic aphasia is a real type of aphasia and indeed there are two grammatical subsystems in the brain and two agrammatic types of aphasia.

© 2020 Purpose: To evaluate the density and distribution of conjunctival goblet cells in mice without clinical evidence of ocular surface diseases. Methods: Immediately after euthanasia of C57BL/6 wild-type mice, the eyes including eyelids were removed and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Entire eyeballs and eyelids were cut in series along the sagittal axis from nasal to temporal on a microtome and then stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff acid to visualize the goblet cells. At each section stained in this way, the conjunctival goblet cells of the entire upper and lower lid conjunctiva were counted by light microscopy. Additional (transmission electron microscopy) (TEM)-Analysis on ultrathin sections was performed to evaluate morphological differences. Results: The total number of conjunctival goblet cells differs markedly between individual animals. Categorisation into upper eyelid (UL) and lower eyelid (LL) and into regions (nasal, middle, temporal) revealed a significant increase of goblet cells from nasal to temporal in the UL and a significant decrease in the LL. Conclusion: The distribution of conjunctival goblet cells in mice differs considerably from humans and between individual animals. Therefore, precise selection of sampling and methods are needed to obtain comparable data. We recommend to use the middle region of the conjunctiva of UL/LL for goblet cell studies in mice. These findings are of particular interest for dry eye mouse models as well as pharmacological studies on mice with influence on their goblet cells.

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Single phase barium titanate–bismuth ferrite ((1-x)BaTiO3-(x)BiFeO3, BTO-BFO) solid solutions were prepared using citric acid and ethylene glycol assisted sol-gel synthesis method. Depending on the dopant content the samples are characterized by tetragonal, tetragonal-pseudocubic, pseudocubic and rhombohedral structure as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and XRD measurements. An increase of the BFO content leads to a reduction in the cell parameters accompanied by a decrease in polar distortion of the unit cell wherein an average particle size increases from 60 up to 350 nm. Non zero piezoresponse was observed in the compounds with pseudocubic structure while no polar distortion was detected in their crystal structure using X-ray diffraction method. The origin of the observed non-negligible piezoresponse was discussed assuming a coexistence of nanoscale polar and non-polar phases attributed to the solid solutions with high BFO content. A coexistence of the nanoscale regions having polar and non-polar character is considered as a key factor to increase macroscopic piezoresponse in the related compounds due to increased mobility of the domain walls and phase boundaries.

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Telomerase activity has been demonstrated in a wide variety of most solid tumors and considered as a well-known cancer biomarker. The commonly utilized method for its detection is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). However, the TRAP technique suffers from false-negative results caused by the failure of PCR step. Moreover, it requires advanced equipment with a tedious and time-consuming procedure. Herein, we presented a portable nitrocellulose paper-based nanobiosensing platform for ultrafast and equipment-free detection of telomerase activity based on a simple colorimetric assay that enabled naked-eye visualization of the color change in response to enzyme activity. In this platform, hybridization was initially performed between telomere complementary oligonucleotide immobilized on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and telomerase elongated biotinylated probe. Thereafter, the assembly was attached on activated paper strip via avidin-biotin interaction. The signal amplification was carried out by enlargement of the attached GNPs on the paper strip, forming tightly compact rod-shaped submicron structures of gold representing a visual color formation. Thanks to significant sensitivity enhancement, the color change was occurred for down to 6 cells, which can be easily observed by the naked eye. Due to the desired aspects of the developed assay including PCR-free, low cost, simple, and high sensitivity, it can be used for evaluation of telomerase activity in cell extracts for future clinical applications. Furthermore, this design has the ability to be easily integrated into lab-on-chip devices for point-of-care telomerase sensing.

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common term for alveolar septal wall destruction resulting in emphysema, and chronic bronchitis accompanied by conductive airway remodelling. In general, this disease is characterized by a disbalance of proteolytic/anti-proteolytic activity, augmented inflammatory response, increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, rise in number of apoptotic cells and decreased proliferation. As the first responder to the various environmental stimuli, epithelium occupies an important position in different lung pathologies, including COPD. Epithelium sequentially transitions from the upper airways in the direction of the gas exchange surface in the alveoli, and every cell type possesses a distinct role in the maintenance of the homeostasis. Basically, a thick ciliated structure of the airway epithelium has a major function in mucus secretion, whereas, alveolar epithelium which forms a thin barrier covered by surfactant has a function in gas exchange. Following this line, we will try to reveal whether or not the chronic bronchitis and emphysema, being two pathological phenotypes in COPD, could originate in two different types of epithelium. In addition, this review focuses on the role of lung epithelium in COPD pathology, and summarises underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutics.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Alcohol policy endorsements have changed over time, probably interacting with the implementation and effectiveness of alcohol policy measures. The Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS) evaluated public opinion toward alcohol policies in 20 European locations (19 countries and one subnational region) in 2015 and 2016 (n = 32,641; 18–64 years). On the basis of the SEAS report, we investigated regional differences and individual characteristics related to categories of alcohol policy endorsement. Latent class analysis was used to replicate cluster structure from the SEAS report and to examine individual probabilities of endorsement. Hierarchical quasi-binomial regression models were run to analyze the relative importance of variables of interest (supranational region, gender, age, educational achievement, and drinking status) on class endorsement probability, with random intercepts for each location. The highest support for alcohol control policies was recorded in Northern countries, which was in contrast to the Eastern countries, where the lowest support for control policies was found. Across all locations, positive attitudes toward control policies were associated with the female gender, older age, and abstaining from alcohol. Our findings underline the need to communicate alcohol-related harm and the implications of alcohol control policies to the public in order to increase awareness and support for such policies in the long run.

© 2019 He et al. Current understanding of flagellum/cilium length regulation focuses on a few model organisms with flagella of uniform length. Leptomonas pyrrhocoris is a monoxenous trypanosomatid parasite of firebugs. When cultivated in vitro, L. pyrrhocoris duplicates every 4.2 ± 0.2 h, representing the shortest doubling time reported for trypanosomatids so far. Each L. pyrrhocoris cell starts its cell cycle with a single flagellum. A new flagellum is assembled de novo, while the old flagellum persists throughout the cell cycle. The flagella in an asynchronous L. pyrrhocoris population exhibited a vast length variation of ∼3 to 24 μm, casting doubt on the presence of a length regulation mechanism based on a single balance point between the assembly and disassembly rate in these cells. Through imaging of live L. pyrrhocoris cells, a rapid, partial disassembly of the existing, old flagellum is observed upon, if not prior to, the initial assembly of a new flagellum. Mathematical modeling demonstrated an inverse correlation between the flagellar growth rate and flagellar length and inferred the presence of distinct, cell cycle-dependent disassembly mechanisms with different rates. On the basis of these observations, we proposed a min-max model that could account for the vast flagellar length range observed for asynchronous L. pyrrhocoris. This model may also apply to other flagellated organisms with flagellar length variation. IMPORTANCE Current understanding of flagellum biogenesis during the cell cycle in trypanosomatids is limited to a few pathogenic species, including Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. The most notable characteristics of trypanosomatid flagella studied so far are the extreme stability and lack of ciliary disassembly/absorption during the cell cycle. This is different from cilia in Chlamydomonas and mammalian cells, which undergo complete absorption prior to cell cycle initiation. In this study, we examined flagellum duplication during the cell cycle of Leptomonas pyrrhocoris. With the shortest duplication time documented for all Trypanosomatidae and its amenability to culture on agarose gel with limited mobility, we were able to image these cells through the cell cycle. Rapid, cell cycle-specific flagellum disassembly different from turnover was observed for the first time in trypanosomatids. Given the observed length-dependent growth rate and the presence of different disassembly mechanisms, we proposed a min-max model that can account for the flagellar length variation observed in L. pyrrhocoris.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3, LPHN3) has putative roles in neuronal migration and synapse function. Various polymorphisms in ADGRL3 have been linked with an increased risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we examined the characteristics of Adgrl3-deficient mice in multiple behavioural domains related to ADHD: locomotive activity, impulsivity, gait, visuospatial and recognition memory, sociability, anxiety-like behaviour and aggression. Additionally, we investigated the effect of Adgrl3-depletion at the transcriptomic level by RNA-sequencing three ADHD-relevant brain regions: prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. Adgrl3 −/− mice show increased locomotive activity across all tests and subtle gait abnormalities. These mice also show impairments across spatial memory and learning domains, alongside increased levels of impulsivity and sociability with decreased aggression. However, these alterations were absent in Adgrl3 +/− mice. Across all brain regions tested, the numbers of genes found to exhibit differential expression was relatively small, indicating a specific pathway of action, rather than a broad neurobiological perturbation. Gene-set analysis of differential expression in the PFC detected a number of ADHD-relevant pathways including dopaminergic synapses as well as cocaine and amphetamine addiction. The Slc6a3 gene coding for the dopamine transporter was the most dysregulated gene in the PFC. Unexpectedly, several neurohormone/peptides which are typically only expressed in the hypothamalus were found to be dysregulated in the striatum. Our study further validates Adgrl3 constitutive knockout mice as an experimental model of ADHD while providing neuroanatomical targets for future studies involving ADGRL3 modified models. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Current status of the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity’.

© 2019 European Association of Urology In this review, we investigated the treatment options for primary urethral cancer. While organ-confined disease can be managed with local resection, growth beyond the organ calls for a combination of different treatment modalities, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, to improve the survival of patients.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Aiming to explore elevated temperatures as a tool for miniaturization of biodegradable polymer multilayer capsules, assembled on spherical vaterite micron- and submicron-sized particles, we subject the shells composed of dextran sulfate (DS) and poly-L-arginine (Parg) to a heat treatment. Changes of the capsule size are studied at various temperatures and ionic strengths of the continuous phase. Unlike some synthetic polymer multilayer shells (their response to heat treatment depends on the number of layers and their arrangement), the biodegradable Parg/DS capsules exhibit size reduction and profound compaction regardless of their initial size, number of polymer layers and polymer layer sequence. The capsule response to heat is stable at ionic strengths of the continuous phase not exceeding 0.1 M NaCl.

© 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. Maintaining the epithelial status of cells in vitro and fabrication of a multilayered epithelial lining is one of the key problems in the therapy using cell technologies. When cultured in a monolayer, epithelial cells change their phenotype from epithelial to epithelial-mesenchymal or mesenchymal that makes it difficult to obtain a sufficient number of cells in a 2D culture and to use them in tissue engineering. Here, using buccal epithelial cells from the oral mucosa, we developed a novel approach to recover and maintain the stable cell phenotype and form a multilayered epithelial lining in vitro via the 2D/3D cell self-assembling. Transitioning the cells from the monolayer to non-adhesive 3D culture conditions led to formation of self-assembling spheroids, with restoration of their epithelial characteristics after epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In 7 days, the cells within spheroids restored the apical-basal polarity, and the formation of both tight (ZO1) and adherent (E-cadherin) intercellular junctions was shown. Thus, culturing buccal epithelial cells in a 3D system allowed us to recover and durably maintain the morphological and functional characteristics of epithelial cells. The multilayered epithelial lining formation was achieved after placing spheroids for 7 days onto a hybrid matrix, which consisted of collagen layers and reinforcing poly (lactide-co-glycolide) fibers and was proven promising for replacement of the urothelium. Thus, we offer an effective technique of forming multilayered epithelial linings on carrier-matrices using cell spheroids that was not previously described elsewhere and can find a wide range of applications in tissue engineering, replacement surgery, and regenerative medicine.

© 2018 Background: Fabry disease, an inherited lysosomal storage disorder, causes multi-organ pathology resulting in substantial morbidity and a reduced life expectancy. Although Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder, both genders may be affected, but generally to a lesser extent in females. The disease spectrum ranges from classic early-onset disease to non-classic later-onset phenotypes, with complications occurring in multiple organs or being confined to a single organ system depending on the stage of the disease. The impact of therapy depends upon patient- and disease-specific factors and timing of initiation. Methods: A European panel of experts collaborated to develop a set of organ-specific therapeutic goals for Fabry disease, based on evidence identified in a recent systematic literature review and consensus opinion. Results: A series of organ-specific treatment goals were developed. For each organ system, optimal treatment strategies accounted for inter-patient differences in disease severity, natural history, and treatment responses as well as the negative burden of therapy and the importance of multidisciplinary care. The consensus therapeutic goals and proposed patient management algorithm take into account the need for early disease-specific therapy to delay or slow the progression of disease as well as non-specific adjunctive therapies that prevent or treat the effects of organ damage on quality of life and long-term prognosis. Conclusions: These consensus recommendations help advance Fabry disease management by considering the balance between anticipated clinical benefits and potential therapy-related challenges in order to facilitate individualized treatment, optimize patient care and improve quality of life.

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2018. The paper proposes a stable time-splitting method for the numerical simulation of free-surface viscous flows. The key features of the method are a semi-Lagrangian scheme for the level-set function transport improved with MacCormack predictor-corrector step with limiting strategy and an adaptive volume-correction procedure. The spatial discretization is done by a hybrid finite volume/finite difference method on dynamically adaptive hexahedral meshes. Numerical verification is done by comparing full-scale 3D numerical simulations of the sloshing tank and the coastal wave run-up with other numerical and experimental results known from the literature.

© EV Arsentyev,. The article deals with the main turning points in the life and work of N.A. Semashko, the first People’s Commissar of Health of the RSFSR, from 1920 to 1925. The authors of the article proceed from the fact that the historical and biographical data available about Semashko are interpreted according to ideologically tinted stereotypes that were formed in the Soviet historiographic school. Based on various sources (mainly documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and Semashko’s family archive), as well as critical analysis of data from literature, an attempt was made to give an ideologically neutral assessment of the participation of Semashko in the organization of the sanatorium and resort sector in the RSFSR and the assistance provided to Soviet Russia from foreign public organizations. New facts were discovered about Semashko’s life, which in particular made it possible to clarify his role in helping medical personnel in Crimea during political repressions there (after the Bolsheviks established power on the peninsula). The authors of the article point out that despite the difficulties that existed at that time, in many respects, it was only due to Semashko’s authority and organizational abilities that the famous Soviet All-Russia health resort was established in Crimea. While work was carried out on the archives, data were found on the supply of humanitarian aid to the People’s Commissar of Health by US public organizations, sympathizing with Soviet Russia in the first half of the 1920s. It is concluded that the formation of Semashko’s scientific biography, which assumes an objective assessment, in particular, concerning his contribution to the organization of medical care, will make it possible in general to move on to an objective analysis of the features of the Soviet health care system and the transformation of the Soviet model (the Semashko model) into the modern Russian model of health care.

© 2018, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved. The objective. A comparative study of the dose uniformity, dose reproducibility, imprint areas on a planar simulation model as indicators of dispersion of spray-aerosol pharmaceutical forms of various trademarks for treatment of diseases of the mouth cavity and throat. Materials and methods. As objects of study we selected 10 drugs manufactured in the «aerosol» and «spray» forms. Test for dose uniformity was performed in accordance with articles of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation «Aerosols and sprays», comparison of dose reproducibility was performed by comparing average dose mass dispersions according to Fisher. The test for the width of dispersion was performed by imprints obtained of a single release of drugs on filter paper with Dragendorff’s reagent and plates for thin-layer chromatography. Results. All metered-dose sprays successfully passed the test for dose mass uniformity. The test for dose mass reproducibility showed a high enough stability of dosage in all the examined drugs: the percentage error of the average dose mass was at the level 1–3%. The test for dispersion width performed on planar simulation models showed significant differences in the character of drug dispersion. For comparing the width of dispersion we calculated imprint areas from a single-dose release on PSM, which permitted to determine drugs with wide and fine dispersion as the most effective with respect to the way of drug delivery to the focus of inflammation – on the mucous membranes of the throat and mouth cavity. Conclusion. The optimal combination of the examined spray characteristics was found in the spray Tantum® Verde, which permits to recommend it as a drug of choice in paediatrics for local therapy of inflammatory diseases of the throat in children beginning from the age of 3 years.

© 2018 Russian Electronic Journal of Radiology. All rights reserved. This clinical observation emphasizes the importance of a clear interaction between radiologists and surgeons within the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Materials and methods. Patient A, 15 years old, was admitted to the thoracic department of the Faculty Surgery Clinic of the Sechenov University with complaints of dry cough, constant pain, uncomfortable sensations and edema in the left chest half, dyspnoea within physical exercises. Results. Based on the patient's complaints, the history of the present disease, data of subjective and objective investigation methods, the patient was diagnosed with a spontaneous primary left-sided pneumothorax complicated by the growing intermuscular emphysema. Controled by X-ray, the patient's pleural cavity was drained with subsequent air aspiration. Conclusion. The observation confirms the high information value of radiology diagnostic methods: thoracic X-ray and computed tomography. These methods allowed checking the effectiveness of each treatment stage, to diagnose such complication of primary spontaneous pneumothorax-increasing intermuscular emphysema and timely performing adequate surgical treatment.

© 2018 Medical Education. All rights reserved. Clinical signs and course of pulmonary disease of Fedor M. Dostoevskiy (1821 - 1881) has been analyzed in the article on the basis of memoirs of contemporaries and physicians who followed the writer up to the end of his life. Diagnostic hypotheses of the disease and the cause of death have been discussed.

© Bionika Media Ltd. Objective. To carry out a systematic analysis of the data available in the current literature on the modern view on Trousseau’s syndrome Material and methods. The review included the data of foreign and Russian articles published in the past 10 years and found in e-Library and PubMed on this topic. Results. This paper provides a pathogenetic explanation for the increased thrombotic potential in cancer patients, which underlies tumor growth and metastasis. In addition to direct thrombotic events, the paper also describes hemorrhagic complications resulting from systemic coagulopathy, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic thrombotic microangiopathy, and excessive fibrinolysis. Conclusion. At present, any manifestation of thrombohemorrhagic complications in patients with malignant tumors can be classified as a paraneoplastic syndrome (Trousseau’s syndrome). In addition to Virchow’s classic triad, hyperproduction of tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, underlies the pathophysiology of Trousseau’s syndrome. At the same time, the substantial release of microparticles from TF-bearing tumor cells is critical not only for clot formation, but also for the progression of tumor growth.

© AA Yaroshenko, NP Shok. The lessons learned from the last wars of the second half of the 19th to early 20th centuries influenced the organization of the troop command and control. The latest inventions, mass outbreaks of infectious diseases among the troops and the population of countries at war, as well as a number of other factors, led to changes in army management mechanisms. Given the experience gained from initial hostilities, the Russian government decided to review its approach to medical support for the field army and the organization of the medical supply system for troops. This was due to the unsatisfactory state of the Russian military-indus-trial complex at the beginning of World War I. At the beginning of the war, Russia was forced to seek help from France, Britain, the United States, and Japan, and to take urgent measures to expand its own production of medical equipment. Emergency measures were taken to facilitate the production of medical equipment on the territory of the Russian Empire. During the reign of Nicholas II, in June 1915, a Special council was set up. The council oversaw the activities of industrial enterprises that produced war supplies, distributed military orders between Russian and foreign factories and facilitated the opening of new ones. The Special council entrusted the provision of medical supplies for the Russian army to the Commission for the Revision of Sanitary and Medical Supply Standards, which was established on October 24, 1915. As a result of the work of the commission during the war, the medical support system for the troops was improved, production of domestic versions of medical equipment was established, the procedure for dispensing medical supplies was simplified, and standards were increased.

© 2018 Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Goodpasture's disease (anti-GBM disease) is a rare small vessels vasculitis characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and alveolar basement membrane. Common feature of anti-GBM disease is a combination of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and alveolar hemorrhage (pulmonary-renal syndrome). We present a case of atypical disease course in a young male patient who developed alveolar hemorrhage without renal failure. The only symptom of renal involvement was isolated hematuria. Plasmapheresis combined with immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids) was effective. We present a review of state-of-art data on the pathogenesis and disease course of anti-GBM disease.