The Four Horsemen (and their Nags): Recollections of the founding and early years of the American Academy of Neurology
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03.07.2018 |
Lanska D.
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Journal of the History of the Neurosciences |
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© 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis. “The Four Horsemen” was the nickname given to the four neurologists—Abraham Baker, Francis Forster, Russell DeJong, and Adolph Sahs—who were most instrumental in founding and developing the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) beginning around 1948. Forster later humorously added “and their nags” to the epithet to reflect the cohesion of the founders and their wives. This article presents the personal recollections of these founders from correspondence and oral histories. When the AAN was founded, private-practice neurologists and residents were excluded from the academically oriented and restrictive American Neurological Association (ANA). Baker conceptualized the AAN as an inclusive professional society that would accept all neurologists of whatever age and level of training, and that would strive to strengthen their knowledge, competencies, and skills through continuing medical education and guideline development. Baker recruited supportive colleagues to help create and develop the organization. Their intention was not to compete with or subvert the ANA, but to offer an inclusive professional organization for all neurologists. Nevertheless, their efforts produced opposition among ANA members. To defuse the antagonism, neurologist Alphonse Vonderahe proposed an influential House–Senate formulation of the AAN–ANA relationship, modeled after the U.S. Congress, both as a supporting rationale for the AAN and as a conceptual model for the functional relationship between the two organizations. The inclusive approach greatly augmented the ranks of the fledgling AAN, whereas those of the ANA stayed relatively stagnant, with the AAN ultimately becoming the dominant neurological society. These neurologic pioneers laid the groundwork for an invigorated, well-trained, scientifically based specialty of neurology in the second half of the twentieth century.
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Changes in proinflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, depending on gender and age
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01.01.2018 |
Petrukhina N.
Zorina O.
Shikh E.
Kartysheva E.
Kudryavtsev A.
Berkutova I.
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Stomatologiia |
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In a study of 537 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis and metabolic syndrome (MS) depending on age and gender, it was found that the increase of TNF-α and IL-6 in the content of periodontal pockets correlated with the severity of chronic generalized periodontitis and MS. For these cytokines, there was a clear gender relationship: women had higher levels in periodontal pocket content than men. For IL-1β and IL-4 cytokines, there is no coupling between the severity of the damage and the level of cytokines in the periodontal pocket. The developed model for calculating the risk of chronic generalized periodontitis depending on the level of TNF-α in the patient's periodontal pockets allows predicting and monitoring the dynamics of the disease.
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Analysis of self-rated health by residents of the Untsukul District, Republic of Dagestan (on results of the questionnaire survey)
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01.01.2018 |
Bekshokova P.
Abdurakhmanov G.
Bekshokov K.
Gabibova P.
Mukhtarova G.
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South of Russia: Ecology, Development |
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© 2011-2018 Research Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University. All rights reserved. Aim. To carry out a comparative analysis of self-rated health, medical activity, and satisfaction with the quality of medical care in public health institutions by residents of rural settlements of the Untsukul district, Republic of Dagestan. Methods. The study was conducted by the method of questioning 2643 respondents, among them 1453 women and 1181 men. Results. According to the results of the survey, the majority of the interviewed residents of Untsukul district (68.2%) are satisfied with their health. Medical activity of the population at the time of the study was 60.6%. As to respondents who applied to the medical institutions of the Untsukul district during this period, 13.5% are not satisfied with the quality of medical care in public health institutions, 23.5% are fully satisfied, 30% are not fully satisfied. Conclusion. A social survey in the form of a questionnaire is one of the most effective methods of obtaining information about the self-rated health of the population. Timely analysis of medical activity of the population, its satisfaction with the quality of medical care will improve the efficiency of the health system.
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Hypoxic hemorrhagic brain lesions in neonates: The significance of determination of neurochemical markers, inflammation markers and apoptosis in the neonatal period and catamnesis follow-up results
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01.01.2018 |
Trepilets V.
Golosnaya G.
Trepilets S.
Kukushkin E.
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Pediatriya - Zhurnal im G.N. Speranskogo |
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© 2018, Pediatria Ltd.. All rights reserved. Objective of the research – to reveal the correlation between neurochemical criteria in the neonatal period and the consequences of severe hypoxic hemorrhagic CNS lesions in children according to catamnesis data. Materials and methods: researchers analyzed 54 cases of newborns of different gestational age (GA) that were in the ICU after birth due to severe condition; all newborns had combined hypoxic hemorrhagic brain lesion detected by neurosonography – periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of various severity. Catamnesis follow-up was performed up to 2–2,5 years of age. The control group consisted of 20 newborns, comparable in GA, body weight at birth, with an Apgar score of at least 6 points in the 1st minute of life and without changes in neurosonography. In the neonatal period, serum concentrations of S100, BDNF, VEGF, ALCAM, DR5 were studied in dynamics using the quantitative ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) according to a standard protocol. Results: the concentration of factors contributing to destructive changes in tissues (S100, DR5, ALCAM) in the serum, was in inverse correlation with the level of VEGF and BDNF. The latter had a direct correlation relationship. VEGF directly correlated with CNTF by the end of the 2 nd week of life. Results of catamnesis follow-up: 43 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, 25 with spastic diplegia, 18 with spastic tetraparesis, and 11 without evident motor disorders. In 28 children I–III level of motor disorders was determined according to GMFS, in 26 children – IV–V level. At the age of 2 years, all children underwent MRI of the brain and gliio-atrophic changes were detected. Significant differences in the implementation of neurological consequences were found between the number of children with grade I and II IVH and PVL and III–IV degree IVH and PVL. Conclusion: children with PVL and IVH III–IV degree have a high risk of severe neurological outcomes – spastic tetraparesis, impaired motor activity by GMFS IV–V level, mental retardation and symptomatic epilepsy.
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Cerebrospinal fluid, brain electrolytes balance, and the unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to dissociate the water molecule
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01.01.2018 |
Herrera A.
Ashraf G.
Arias Esparza M.
Tarasov V.
Chubarev V.
Avila-Rodriguez M.
Makhmutovа A.
Ganash M.
Mosa O.
Hafeez A.
Bachurin S.
Aliev G.
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CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets |
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© 2018 Bentham Science Publishers. Background & Objective: Regulation of composition, volume and turnover of fluids surrounding the brain and damp cells is vital. These fluids transport all substances required for cells and remove the unwanted materials. This regulation tends to act as barrier to prevent free exchange of materials between the brain and blood. There are specific mechanisms concerned with fluid secretion of the controlled composition of the brain, and others responsible for reabsorption eventually to blood and the extracellular fluid whatever their composition is. The current view assumes that choroidal plexuses secrete the major part of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), while the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) has a much less contribution to fluid production, generating Interstitial Fluid (ISF) that drains to CSF. The skull is a rigid box; thereby the sum of volumes occupied by the parenchyma with its ISF, related connective tissue, the vascula-ture, the meninges and the CSF must be relatively constant according to the Monroe-Kellie dogma. This constitutes a formidable challenge that normal organisms surpass daily. The ISF and CSF provide water and solutes influx and efflux from cells to these targeted fluids in a quite precise way. Microvessels within the parenchyma are sufficiently close to every cell where diffusion areas for solutes are tiny. Despite this, CSF and ISF exhibit very similar compositions, but differ significantly from blood plasma. Many hydro-philic substances are effectively prevented from the entry into the brain via blood, while others like neurotransmitters are extremely hindered from getting out of the brain. Anatomical principle of the barrier and routes of fluid transfer cannot explain the extraordinary accuracy of fluids and substances needed to enter or leave the brain firmly. There is one aspect that has not been deeply analyzed, despite being prevalent in all the above processes, it is considered a part of the CSF and ISF dynamics. This aspect is the energy necessary to propel them properly in time, form, space, quantity and temporality. Conclusion: The recent hypothesis based on glucose and ATP as sources of energy presents numerous contradictions and controversies. The discovery of the unsuspected intrinsic ability of melanin to dissociate and reform water molecules, similar to the role of chlorophyll in plants, was confirmed in the study of ISF and CSF biology.
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