Репозиторий Университета

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Alcohol policy endorsements have changed over time, probably interacting with the implementation and effectiveness of alcohol policy measures. The Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS) evaluated public opinion toward alcohol policies in 20 European locations (19 countries and one subnational region) in 2015 and 2016 (n = 32,641; 18–64 years). On the basis of the SEAS report, we investigated regional differences and individual characteristics related to categories of alcohol policy endorsement. Latent class analysis was used to replicate cluster structure from the SEAS report and to examine individual probabilities of endorsement. Hierarchical quasi-binomial regression models were run to analyze the relative importance of variables of interest (supranational region, gender, age, educational achievement, and drinking status) on class endorsement probability, with random intercepts for each location. The highest support for alcohol control policies was recorded in Northern countries, which was in contrast to the Eastern countries, where the lowest support for control policies was found. Across all locations, positive attitudes toward control policies were associated with the female gender, older age, and abstaining from alcohol. Our findings underline the need to communicate alcohol-related harm and the implications of alcohol control policies to the public in order to increase awareness and support for such policies in the long run.

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Breastfeeding rates are low in the UK, where approximately one quarter of infants receive a breastmilk substitute (BMS) in the first week of life. We investigated the reasons for early BMS use in two large maternity units in the UK, in order to understand the reasons for the high rate of early BMS use in this setting. Data were collected through infant feeding records, as well as maternal and midwife surveys in 2016. During 2016, 28% of infants received a BMS supplement prior to discharge from the hospital maternity units with only 10% supplementation being clinically indicated. There was wide variation in BMS initiation rates between different midwives, which was associated with ward environment and midwife educational level. Specific management factors associated with non-clinically indicated initiation of BMS were the absence of skin-to-skin contact within an hour of delivery (p = 0.01), and no attendance at an antenatal breastfeeding discussion (p = 0.01). These findings suggest that risk of initiating a BMS during postnatal hospital stay is largely modifiable. Concordance with UNICEF Baby Friendly 10 steps, attention to specific features of the postnatal ward working environment, and the targeting of midwives and mothers with poor educational status may all lead to improved exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge.

© 2018 Russian Academy of Sciences.All rights reserved. In this study we investigated factors which predict attitudes toward different forms of Russian participation in Syrian conflict. Russian residents (N = 595) filled out the scales for belief in a just world, nationalism, patriotism, general military attitudes and attitudes towards different forms of Russian involvement in Syrian conflict. The results of the study have shown that just world belief predicts differ-ent forms of national identity-patriotism and nationalism. Patriotism, but not nationalism, is negatively correlated with general military attitudes. General military attitudes, in turn, are positively correlated with attitudes towards Russian military involvement in the conflict, but negatively correlated with the peaceful participation. The article contains new data on the links between national identity and the atti-tude toward war. Proposed assumptions about what the results may be related to. The main prospects for the development of this area of research are outlined.