Репозиторий Университета

© 2018, © 2018 Taylor  &  Francis. American neurologist and epileptologist Francis M. Forster (1912–2006) was the last survivor of the “Four Horsemen,” a nickname given to the four neurologists—Forster, Abe Baker, Russell DeJong, and Adolph Sahs—who were most instrumental in founding the American Academy of Neurology under Baker’s leadership in 1948. Forster was a consulting physician for many high-profile patients, including President Dwight Eisenhower, President Quirino and Archbishop Reyes of the Philippines, Provisional President Lonardi of Argentina, and Cardinal Albert Meyer of Chicago. Forster was also an expert witness for the prosecution in the trial of Jack Ruby, who killed Lee Harvey Oswald. Forster’s greatest legacy, though, was as a teacher: During his career as chairman of two robust academic neurology departments, he trained more than 100 residents, at least 17 of whom went on to become chairmen of neurology departments in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America.

© 2018, © 2018 Taylor  &  Francis. “The Four Horsemen” was the nickname given to the four neurologists—Abraham Baker, Francis Forster, Russell DeJong, and Adolph Sahs—who were most instrumental in founding and developing the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) beginning around 1948. Forster later humorously added “and their nags” to the epithet to reflect the cohesion of the founders and their wives. This article presents the personal recollections of these founders from correspondence and oral histories. When the AAN was founded, private-practice neurologists and residents were excluded from the academically oriented and restrictive American Neurological Association (ANA). Baker conceptualized the AAN as an inclusive professional society that would accept all neurologists of whatever age and level of training, and that would strive to strengthen their knowledge, competencies, and skills through continuing medical education and guideline development. Baker recruited supportive colleagues to help create and develop the organization. Their intention was not to compete with or subvert the ANA, but to offer an inclusive professional organization for all neurologists. Nevertheless, their efforts produced opposition among ANA members. To defuse the antagonism, neurologist Alphonse Vonderahe proposed an influential House–Senate formulation of the AAN–ANA relationship, modeled after the U.S. Congress, both as a supporting rationale for the AAN and as a conceptual model for the functional relationship between the two organizations. The inclusive approach greatly augmented the ranks of the fledgling AAN, whereas those of the ANA stayed relatively stagnant, with the AAN ultimately becoming the dominant neurological society. These neurologic pioneers laid the groundwork for an invigorated, well-trained, scientifically based specialty of neurology in the second half of the twentieth century.

© 2018, © 2018 Taylor  &  Francis. American neurologist and neuropathologist Abraham Bert (Abe) Baker (1908–1988) was instrumental in founding the American Academy of Neurology and served as a catalyst for the emergence of neurology as a strong, independent medical discipline in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. Baker served as the first president of the Academy from 1948 to 1951. He was also instrumental in garnering support for the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, which was founded in 1950 and later evolved into the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Baker’s leadership was also essential in developing continuing medical education for neurologists at a national level and in garnering federal financial support for neurology training programs.

© NA Kuznetsov. This article reviews the main approaches to the interpretation of the term “risk”, which has acquired the status of a general scientific and widely interpreted concept. The unresolved issues of surgical risk terminology make it extremely difficult to solve the problem of perioperative prognosis at the narrow professional (medical) level. The author considers the problem of objec-tifying operational risk at an interdisciplinary level. In his opinion, understanding risk as a specific form of the subject’s active relation to the surrounding reality is the most justified at the present time. The essential particular features of such activities are the lack of confidence and the subject’s uncertainty in achieving the stated goal since a doctor’s professional activity takes place under conditions of risk, uncertainty and in contradictory situations. The author of the article suggests using the definition of “risk” proposed by A.P. Algin, according to which risk should be understood “as an activity connected with overcoming uncertainty and the situation of inevitable choice, in the process of which it is possible to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the probability of achieving the expected result, failure and deviation from the goal.” This definition prevents the use of antiscientific and scholastic views of this phenomenon. With reference to medical science (in particular, to surgery), this approach to risk allowed the author to formulate an individual quantitative prognosis and to distinguish five types of perioperative prognosis.

© SD Batoev. The current continuing outflow of valuable production forces and intellectual resources from Transbaikal has a negative impact on the socio-economic development of this border area. A retrospective analysis of the health care system provided to the Russian population living in remote areas demonstrates that not all formative stages of the health care system in Transbaikal were completed without problems. The Russian Empire implemented a state policy on the demographic and socio-cultural integration of Transbaikal for the purpose of rational economic development, effective consolidation of the territory and provision of border security. The pre-revolutionary government, facing significant financial shortages and an unfavorable socio-economic and political situation from the mid 18th century, carried out continuous work to create the foundations for the Transbaikal public health system. However, social issues were not a priority with regard to all population groups living on the outskirts of the Russian Empire, therefore many projects and decisions were implemented with significant delays or in a reduced format. In addition, it is necessary to take into account an objective point restraining the introduction of the central authorities’ solution: a new type of medical care was being promoted, to which the indigenous and newly arrived people of Transbaikal had to grow accustomed. At the same time, by the beginning of the 20th century, the heterogeneous population of Transbaikal, which traditionally used folk methods as well as Tibetan medicine, gradually began to understand the advantages of official medicine and science-based hygiene for improving and preserving human potential, which is the basis of the physical and intellectual development of any nation, and to master their leading principles. From the beginning of November 1920, under the conditions found in the Far Eastern Republic, measures were taken for the first time to organize free and preventive medicine for all population groups on the territory of Transbaikal, which marked the beginning of positive changes in the sphere of health care in terms of ensuring the real availability of medical care. Thus, the long process if creating a treatment and prevention system in pre-revolutionary Transbaikal took place within the framework of the all-Russian model of state medical care. It was continuous in nature and had a number of significant differences from the health care system established in European Russia.

The article considers problem of implementation of interactive technologies into educational environment of medical universities. The experience is considered related to usage of the social network "VKontakte" in 2015/2016 academic year and first half of 2016/2017 academic year as a platform for extracurricular activities of the student scientific research circle on history of medicine of the "The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University". The methodological recommendations are proposed concerning organization of extracurricular activity of the student scientific research circle in social networks. The possibility of implementation of education in habitual for student youth social media environment and availability of large spectrum of technical resources assignable by "VKontakte" permit to draw a conclusion about expediency of application of the given technology promoting efficiency of organization of extracurricular independent activity of students in the educational process.