Репозиторий Университета

The current consensus on prevention of re-establishment of malaria is based on the following principles: (1) Fundamental role of general health services; (2) Surveillance; (3) Vector control; (4) Border actions; (5) Intersectoral collaboration. These principles are critically reviewed, and it is pointed out that alertness of the general health services to suspected malaria (vigilance) needs to be maintained everywhere, while health education is rational only if targeting high-risk sub-populations. It is argued that prevention of re-establishment of malaria transmission should be integrated with prevention of malaria mortality in cases of imported malaria, and that this requires collaboration with entities dealing with travellers’ health and the availability of chemoprophylaxis and other measures for travellers to malaria endemic countries.

The current consensus on prevention of re-establishment of malaria is based on the following principles: (1) Fundamental role of general health services; (2) Surveillance; (3) Vector control; (4) Border actions; (5) Intersectoral collaboration. These principles are critically reviewed, and it is pointed out that alertness of the general health services to suspected malaria (vigilance) needs to be maintained everywhere, while health education is rational only if targeting high-risk sub-populations. It is argued that prevention of re-establishment of malaria transmission should be integrated with prevention of malaria mortality in cases of imported malaria, and that this requires collaboration with entities dealing with travellers’ health and the availability of chemoprophylaxis and other measures for travellers to malaria endemic countries.

Background: Malaria is a disease annually causing over 400,000 deaths. Deep understanding of molecular and genetic processes underlying its life cycle and pathogenicity is required to efficiently resist it. RNA interference is a mechanism of the gene expression regulation typical for a wide variety of species. Even though the existence of this phenomenon in Plasmodium falciparum has long been rejected, several recent works pose hypotheses and provide direct and indirect evidence of the existence of mechanisms similar to RNA interference in this organism. In particular, the possibility of regulation of P. falciparum gene expression through human microRNAs is of great importance both for fundamental biology and for medicine. In the present work we address the problem of possibility of the existence in the P. falciparum genome of the nucleotide sequences such that mRNAs transcribed from genes containing these sequences could form duplexes with human microRNAs. Using bioinformatics methods we have analysed genomes of 15 P. falciparum isolates for sequences homological to these microRNAs. Results: The analysis has demonstrated the existence of a vast number of genes that could potentially be regulated by the human microRNAs in the plasmodial genome. Conclusions: Despite the fact that the numbers of homological intervals vary significantly between isolates, the hsa-miR-451a and hsa-miR-223-3p microRNAs are expected to make the most notable contribution to the pathogenesis of P. falciparum malaria. The majority of homological intervals occur in genes encoding cell adhesion proteins.

© 2018 The Author(s). Presently, many malaria-endemic countries in the world are transitioning towards malaria elimination. Out of the 105 countries with ongoing malaria transmission, 10 countries are classified as being in the pre-elimination phase of malaria control, and 9 countries are in the malaria elimination stage, whereas 7 countries are classified as being in the prevention of introduction phase. Between 2000 and 2015, 17 countries eliminated malaria (i.e., attained zero indigenous cases for 3 years or more). Seven countries were certified by the WHO as having successfully eliminated malaria. The purpose of this review was to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria during the various stages of malaria eradication (elimination) programmes in different countries in the past and present. Experiences of the republics of the former USSR with malaria are interesting, particularly since the data overwhelmingly were published in Russian and might not be known to western readers. Among the most important characteristics of Plasmodium vivax epidemiology at present are changes in the ratio of the short-incubation P. vivax to long-incubation P. vivax, the incidence of severe P. vivax cases, the increased numbers of asymptomatic P. vivax cases, the reduced response to anti-malarials and a few others. Various factors contributing towards the peculiarities of P. vivax epidemiology are discussed.

© 2018 Media Sphera Publishing Group.All Rights Reserved. Aim. To study the causes of falciparum malaria deaths in Russian Federation and to optimize therapy for severe forms of the disease. Materials and methods. The analysis of falciparum malaria cases with deaths recorded in Russian Federation from 2013 to 2017 was conducted. The results of optimization of pathogenetic therapy of severe forms of falciparum malaria for the prevention of adverse outcomes in the intensive care unit of the Infectious Clinical Hospital №2 of Moscow in 44 patients with severe course are presented. Treatment, clinical laboratory and instrumental investigations were carried out in accordance with our intensive care protocol, which took into account the current WHO recommendations. Results. From 2013 to 2017 there were nine deaths from falciparum malaria reported in patients from African countries (6) and India (3). In Russia, due to the lack of effective drugs of artemisinin group, quinine with tetracycline or doxycycline is used for etiotropic therapy of patients with complicated form of falciparum malaria. In the management of such patients, the basis for treatment was the prevention of is-chemic, reperfusion injuries of organs and hemorrhagic complications. In the infectious clinical hospital №2 of Moscow, since 2007, the intensive care unit has developed and tested a protocol for intensive therapy in patients with severe and complicated forms of falciparum malaria, including preventive methods of extracorporeal hemocorrection with prolonged veno-venous hemodiafiltration therapy and plasmapheresis, as a result of which the mortality rate decreased from 84 to 6.8% Conclusion. The country's lack of anti-malarial drugs, the insufficient awareness of the population about the risk of infection and measures to prevent malaria, late referral of cases for medical care and errors of clinical diagnosis and treatment annually lead to fatal outcomes. In such situation, the experience of optimizing the treatment of severe falciparum malaria is particularly useful, allowing decreasing the mortality.