Репозиторий Университета

Collective cooperation is essential to human society, and it exists in many social dilemmas. In the scenario of a collective-risk social dilemma, a group of players have to collectively contribute to a public fund to prevent the tragedy of the commons, such as dangerous climate change, because everybody will lose all their remaining money when the damage happens with a certain probability if the group fails to reach a fixed fundraising target. Yet, it remains largely unclear how the group size affects the probability of reaching the collective target and the mechanism that drives different outcomes of the collective cooperation. Here, we contribute to the literature by exploring the role of group size in the collective-risk social dilemma and the potential underlying mechanism using both model simulations and human experiments. Through simulations we found that the rate of failure for collective cooperation increases for larger groups, along with the arising of bystander effect and a decrease in average contributions, which are confirmed by our experimental observations. We further analyze the patterns of investment behaviors in the experiment setting by categorizing players into cooperators, altruists, and free riders using both a clustering method and a golden standard. We found that altruists who tend to contribute more, rather than cooperators who prefer contributing a fair-share investment, play a crucial role in groups with success outcome in early and/or middle stages of the game. Our results indicate that bystanders are dynamic and their amount depends on the contribution of others. When others contribute less, bystanders also contribute less. If the collective goal is unlikely to achieve, more players choose to be bystanders who strategically contribute less, intriguing the failure of the collective goal. Our findings suggest a potentially effective way to solve the collective-risk social dilemma by reducing the bystander effect through the mechanism design of forming small groups.

Collective cooperation is essential to human society, and it exists in many social dilemmas. In the scenario of a collective-risk social dilemma, a group of players have to collectively contribute to a public fund to prevent the tragedy of the commons, such as dangerous climate change, because everybody will lose all their remaining money when the damage happens with a certain probability if the group fails to reach a fixed fundraising target. Yet, it remains largely unclear how the group size affects the probability of reaching the collective target and the mechanism that drives different outcomes of the collective cooperation. Here, we contribute to the literature by exploring the role of group size in the collective-risk social dilemma and the potential underlying mechanism using both model simulations and human experiments. Through simulations we found that the rate of failure for collective cooperation increases for larger groups, along with the arising of bystander effect and a decrease in average contributions, which are confirmed by our experimental observations. We further analyze the patterns of investment behaviors in the experiment setting by categorizing players into cooperators, altruists, and free riders using both a clustering method and a golden standard. We found that altruists who tend to contribute more, rather than cooperators who prefer contributing a fair-share investment, play a crucial role in groups with success outcome in early and/or middle stages of the game. Our results indicate that bystanders are dynamic and their amount depends on the contribution of others. When others contribute less, bystanders also contribute less. If the collective goal is unlikely to achieve, more players choose to be bystanders who strategically contribute less, intriguing the failure of the collective goal. Our findings suggest a potentially effective way to solve the collective-risk social dilemma by reducing the bystander effect through the mechanism design of forming small groups.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018. Video games are often seen as a reason for numerous psychological changes, both positive and negative, in players. For instance, many authors believe that video games push children and adults towards risky behaviors and impulsivity. The study aimed to analyze both theoretical and empirical evidences of that sort, as well as to investigate parameters of personal and cognitive impulsivity and risk-readiness in adult video gamers. The sample of gamers included 223 participants, all from Russia. Impulsivity and related personal traits were measured with Eysencks’ Impulsiveness Scale (I-7) and Kornilova’s Personal Risk Factors Questionnaire. Impulsivity as cognitive style was measured by Kagan’s MFFT. No evidence of high impulsivity was found, though video game players, who played more than 12 h per week turned out to be more venturesome, compared to less active gamers. Sex-related differences were investigated: female gamers scored lower in empathy, while male gamers showed higher venturesomeness. In a cognitive style study, video gamers were more accurate compared to non-gamers, and thus showed no tendency for impulsivity. The results are contrasted to the published data, when applicable.

© 2018 Russian Transplant Society. All rights reserved. The article offers analysis of the problem status as well as World and Russian experience of donor organ recipients participation in sports and physical training. The connection of physical activity with the quality of life of patients after transplantation is reflected. The problems associated with organ donation in Russia and other countries and the importance of sports activities in promoting this problem are described. The analysis of foreign experience in the organization of sports games for people with transplanted organs, which indicates: the importance of research methods in admission to physical education and sports among recipients, the need for dosing and selection of physical activity, the involvement of a transplant doctor for individualization of rehabilitation programs. The personal experience of foreign athletes with transplanted organs, including the experience of the Russian recipient’s participation in the 21st world games 2017 is presented. Experience of carrying out sports activities for people with transplanted organs in Russia is also given.